Hello!
First of all, most of main roads between cities in European part of Russia is covered by Google Maps Street View panoramas. Also there is local map service - Yandex Maps with panoramas and fresh satellite imaging.
Also, there is classification of road types in Russia:
M - federal roads, that connects Moscow to other countries or major cities, that are capitals of regions.
P - regional or federal roads, that interconnects administrative centers of regions.
A - regional or federal roads, that interconnects M-roads, connects administrative center and other cities in region, or connects city to port or airport.
There is a
page in Wikipedia about Russian federal roads (Has English vesion)
So, the main roads in European part of Russia is:
M1 «Беларусь» (Belarus): Moscow - Smolensk - Minsk. Doubled in Moscow region by toll road ("Обход Одинцово") and by regional road A100;
M2 «Крым» (Krym / Crimea): Moscow - Tula - Oryol - Kursk - Belgorod - Ukraine, part of European route E105. Has from two to four lanes in each direction from Moscow to Tula, then it turns to just 1 lane in one directions (as most of other Russian roads). Doubled by road 46K-2002 (Старосимферопольское шоссе / Starosimferopolskoe shosse);
M3 «Украина» (Ukraina / Ukraine): Moscow - Kaluga - Bryansk - Ukraine;
M4 «Дон» (Don): Moscow - Voronezh - Rostov-na-Donu (Rostov-on-Don) - Krasnodar - Novorossiysk. Toll road. Has doubled by free road in Moscow and Lipetsk regions;
M5 «Урал» (Ural): Moscow - Ryazan - Penza - Samara - Ufa - Chelyabinsk etc.;
former M6 (now it has number P-22) «Каспий»(Kaspiy): M4 - Kashira - Tambov - Volgograd - Astrakhan;
M7 «Волга» (Volga): Moscow - Vladimir - Nizhniy Novgorod - Kazan - Ufa;
M8 «Холмогоры» (Kholmogory): Moscow - Yaroslavl - Vologda - Arkhangelsk;
Cities from M7 and M8 roads are included in famous Russian Golden Ring: Vladimir, Suzdal, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl, Sergiev Posad, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Rostov (Velikiy, in Yaroslavl region).
M9 «Балтия» (Baltiya): Moscow - Rzhev - Velikie Luki - Latvia;
M10 «Россия» (Russia / Rossiya): Moscow - Tver - Vyshniy Volochek - Velikiy Novgorod - Chudovo - Sankt-Peterburg (St. Petersburg). One of the most congested roads in Russia.
M11 Moscow - Saint Petersburg, toll road, that doubles M10. Under construction, about 75% is in use now.
P21 «Кола» (Kola): St. Petersburg - Petrozavodsk - Murmansk - Norwegia
There are three congested roads around Moscow - MKAD (Moscow Ring Road), that has five or
even six (on southern part, instead of safety lane) lanes in each direction. Two other ring roads is A-107 (unofficially called "Malaya Betonka") and A-108 ("Bolshaya Betonka"). Nowadays there is construction of CKAD (ЦКАД) - Central Ring Road, A113, that will include some parts of A-107 and A-108. Will be toll road in future.
Trucks (> 12 tonns) without special pass is forbidden on MKAD and inside city between 6:00 and 22:00. Also there is special restrction from 1st of May till 1st of October: trucks are forbidden on weekends and fridays from 6:00 till 24:00. Also, inside city trucks allowed only on some roads that included in "Gruzovoy Karkas", layer can be found in map settings at
transport.mos.ru.
Also there are a lot of roads that interconnect regional centers. Usually there is a monument on a border of regions (in Russian region called "область" - oblast), and on a border of a city. Sometimes there is a monument for something connected with WWI in city outskirts, like this
monument of "Soldiers-drivers" near Bryansk;
You should know, that federal roads is usually good in Russia, but very unsafe. Regional roads is bad. Also there is a lot of underground and overground pedestrian crosswalks in major cities, cities designed for cars, not for pedestrians. Almost every regional city have tram or trolleybus network from soviet times.
Drivers in Russia are recklees (a lot of dashcam videos can be found on Youtube), in case of traffic jam they use safety lanes or roadside for overtaking. There is no penalty for speeding up to +19 km/h, so a lot of drivers drive at 79 km/h in cities, and up to 109 km/h at countryside without being fined. Maximum speed limit in Russia is 130 km/h, it's only on toll roads. On a public expressways limit is 110 or 90 km/h. Speed limit on MKAD is 100 km/h, trucks not allowed to go further than second lane.
Driving rules have changed in 2018, so circle now is a main road on roundabouts.
Wideness of lane even in cities are about 3.5 meters or more. Usually there are a wide (about 2-3 meters) roadsides in countryside.